What is Self-Efficacy?

Self-efficacy, an important latent construct grounded in Bandura's Social Cognitive theory, has been shown to reliably predict student performance, particularly in online environments.

While the mechanisms linking student self-efficacy to improved student performance and the reduction of equity gaps in STEM are well-explored, a critical gap remains in understanding the instructor-controlled factors that can directly enhance student self-efficacy. Particularly in online environments, a nuanced understanding of the interplay between instructor specific course design actions, student self-efficacy and student performance may significantlyimprove the quality of online learning environments in STEM

There are four key mechanisms to enhance self-efficacy:

• Mastery experiences: successful experiences in tackling challenges build confidence and self-belief
• Vicarious experiences: observing others succeed in similar tasks can inspire and motivate
• Social persuasion: encouragement and positive feedback from others can boost self-efficacy
• Physiological factors: managing stress and anxiety can enhance belief in one's ability to cope with challenges.