Memory: Sensory & Short-Term Memory

I. Atkinson & Shiffrin Model of Memory (1968):

Part 1:

Part 2:

Part 3:

A. Sensory memory:

1. Iconic Memory -

Exp: Sperling (1960)

Showed a 3x3 matrix for 50 ms

 

Group 1: Whole-report technique

Task: Recall letters you saw

 

Results:

Group 2: Partial-report technique

Showed matrix then heard a tone
(high, med, or low)

 

Task: if high, report top line

if med, report middle line

if low, report bottom line

 

Results:

 

 

 

 

Conclusions:

 

 

 

 

 

called masking

B. Short-term memory :

• temporary storage

 

 

• Brown (1958), Peterson & Peterson (1959)

Task:

Results:

Conclusion:

BUT alternative explanation for results--

• Waugh & Norman (1965)

Task: given 16-digit number

1596234789024815

presented numbers either quickly or slowly.

Results:

1. Capacity - how much STM can hold

 

e.g. IRANFLCBSMTV

 

 

• chunking

• STM chunking depends on knowledge

F BIV IPG NPC BS

vs

FBI VIP GNP CBS

2. Coding of information -

• information is coded into acoustic codes in STM

Exp: Conrad (1964)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Results: acoustic mistakes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

C. STM vs Working Memory:

• Working Memory:

• has 3 components

1. Phonological Loop:

a) phonological store:

b) articulatory control process:

2. Visuospatial Sketchpad:

• necessary for any imagery tasks

 

3. Central Executive: