Instructions:  Identify each of the following as one of the following four fallacies:  Circularity, A Priorism, Equivocation, Distinction without a Difference.

1.  It's obvious why James can't stop taking heroin:  he's addicted to the stuff.

2.  You say that human life is priceless, but the fact is that we put a price on human lives all the time. For example, in order to decide whether it is worthwhile to make a particular highway improvement the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration sets the value of a human life at about 300,000 dollars.

3.  The main reason I don't think golf is a sport is because I'm an excellent athlete.  If golf were a sport I'd be good at it.  But I'm not, so it isn't.

4.  The reason women are not taken seriously as potential leaders in this country is because not enough of them have held high-profile leadership positions.  The reason they haven't held enough high profile leadership position is because people don't think they will make very good leaders.

5.  I'm not in favor of laws that make it more difficult for people to own  hand guns, I just want laws that place tighter regulations on the sale of hand guns.
 

6.  The reason I know Linda loves me is because she told me so, and I know she would never lie to someone she loves.

7. You say that gun control doesn't work, but I disagree: if guns are controlled then criminals aren't going to have them and fewer violent crimes will be committed.

8.  The reason it is difficult to measure the pain experienced by animals is that pain, being a subjective state, can not be objectively quantified.
 

9.  I agree that we should show respect for great works of art and generally strive to preserve them in their original condition. However, I also believe that a truly great work of art commands universal respect, so that when someone actually colorizes a black and white movie or puts a mustache on a famous painting, to me that means that it probably wasn't really great art to
begin with.

10.  Fred beats people up because he is an extremely violent person.

11.  We have to raise taxes in California if we are to meet the current requirements of public education.  For without this additional source of revenue, it will be impossible to maintain services even at present levels.

12.  I didn't say that you are stupid.  I said that only an idiot could have failed that test.  How was I to know that you failed?

13.   I can prove to you that Kirk Douglas is my grandfather.  You know his son Michael Douglas?  Well, he's my dad.

14.  "You couldn't have it if you did want it," the Queen said.  "The rule is jam tomorrow and jam yesterday- but never jam today."
    "It must sometimes come to jam today," Alice objected.
    "No, it can't," said the Queen. "The rule is every other day, and
obviously today isn't any other day."
                                                          From Alice Through the Looking Glass

15.  All my life I thought that I was a man, but all that has changed since I started experiencing menstrual cramps.  Now I know that I am a woman trapped inside a man's body.

16.    People get so uptight about abortion and I just don't understand it at all.  It's a perfectly natural thing to do.  Anyone who thinks about it for a second will realize that nature is aborting fetuses all the time; we call them miscarriages.

17.  I know they say that they have looked high and low for veterans missing in action in the Vietnam war.  But I know my brother is still there.  If they haven't found him, that just means they haven't looked hard enough.

18.  You ask me if I have faith in God's existence. But who is God if not the most perfectly powerful, benevolent and trustworthy of all beings?  If one lacks faith in such a being, then in what or whom is it possible to have faith?  You say there is no proof? Why should God prove to us that He exists?  We must  prove ourselves to God by believing and having faith.

19.   The United States simply has no moral responsibility to help some Latin American citizens who, having left their country illegally, are now asking to become United States citizens.  Some have argued that that they should be treated as
refugees and granted asylum because they are escaping from the deplorable living conditions that exist in that country.  We acknowledge that the living conditions are very bad in many parts of Latin America, but these conditions are a result of very poor economic conditions, not political persecution. The distinction is an important one, because U.S. federal law does not acknowledge a person as a refugee unless they are escaping political persecution.  Asylum simply can not be granted to those who have left their country simply in order to gain greater wealth.