Citing Sources of Information
The
following set of guidelines was written by Dr. Nathan Trueblood,
with minor modifications by me. I would
like you to follow these guidelines for citing sources of information used in
this BIO 2 Activity section, particularly on your genetic disease poster.
You, like other scholars, must cite
the sources of information you use. Citing others' work
fulfills a number of purposes:
it can be a way of recognizing the
contributions of pioneers in a field
it identifies the original
publications in which an idea or concept was first presented
it provides access to other readings
on the topic of the work at hand
it can be used to identify a
methodology
it is a way to refer to work of
one's own or others that is being critiqued or corrected to indicate track
record of decent work (believability, etc)
Guidelines for deciding when to cite:
You
don't need to cite if you use information that seems to be common, background knowledge
You
DO
need to cite if:
Avoid plagiarism in scholarly writing:
The
Name-Year System
In the text of your
papers/posters/presentations, refer to a source of information by the last name
of the author and the publication year.
Put name and year in parentheses at
the end of the sentence (before the period)
Or use the author's name as part of
the sentence and the year in parentheses just after the name.
For example:
Bird
nests located in vegetation are protected from adverse weather conditions (Montevcchi 1979). Dunn and
Creating
a Literature Cited List
Create a list of references to all
the documents that you have cited in your work.
This is usually presented at the end of your work.
Only include the sources that you directly cited in the text
of your paper or assignment; do not include background reading you didn't
specifically cite or an author's work
that was cited in an article that you read, but that you did not read yourself.
List references by the last name of
the first author, and place these sources in alphabetical order.
Variations
If
there are several works by the same author
List in order of the oldest to the
most recent.
Iverson, JB. 2001. Reproduction of
the river cooter, Pseudemys
concinna, in
Iverson, JB. 2002. Reproduction in
female razorback musk turtles (Sternotherus
carinatus: Kinosternidae) Southwest. Nat.
47 (2): 215-224.
If
an author has written more than one work in the same year
Distinguish the works from each
other by using letters. For example,
Iverson, J. B. 1995a. Natural
History Notes: Heterodon
nasicus (Western Hognose Snake): Reproduction. Herp.
Review 26(4):206.
Iverson, J. B. 1995b. Podocnemis
lewyana. Cat. American Amphib. Rept. 605:1-3.
Author
writes alone and also with other authors
List all works written by an author
alone before listing articles that the author has co-written with others. List
the additional works alphabetically by the name of the second author. For
example:
Iverson, J. B. 2002. Reproduction in
female razorback musk turtles (Sternotherus carinatus: Kinosternidae).
Southwestern Naturalist 47(2):215-224.
Iverson, J. B., and E. O. Moll.
2002. Turtles. In: Halliday, T. R. and K. Adler
(Eds.). The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians.
Iverson, J. B., and R. C. Vogt.
2002. Peltocephalus tracaxa.
Cat. American Amphib. Rept.
744:1-4.
Formatting
References
A correctly formatted reference begins
with the author(s), followed by the publication date, then the title of the
reference, and finally further publishing information about the reference. Each
of these elements of information is separated from the others by periods. Commas and colons are used to make further
separations.
Variations
No
author Use Anonymous
as the name for an
article lacking an author
More
than 10 authors
For an article with multiple
authors, include the first 10 names. For more than 10, list the first 10
followed by and others.
Names
and initials
Only the first author's name is
written in the form: last name followed by initials. All the other names start
with initials followed by the last name.
Electronic Resources
Website:
basic
format
Websites vary tremendously in terms
of the "bibliographic information" that they provide: for examples,
authors or dates may or may not be noted. You
may have to hunt for this information!
Due to this variability, it is
difficult to exactly define the proper format for a reference. Your goal should
try to fulfill the two-fold goals of providing a reference: giving credit to
the author of the source and enabling another person to locate the source.
These are the basic elements and the order in which to provide them.
Author's
name (if known)
Date of
publication or last revision
Title of
document
Title of
complete work (if relevant)
URL, in
angle brackets
Date of
access
Use periods to separate the
elements.
If some of the information is missing
(no author, no date...), omit those elements from your reference.
Professional
Website
Curtis, R. 1998 February 25.
page.
<http://www.princeton.edu/~perc/> Accessed 2004 November 1.
Personal
Website
McLarnan, T. 2004 September 23. Tim McLarnan's home page.
<http://www.cs.earlham.edu/~timm/> Accessed 2004 October 12.
Website
with no author or no date
World wide recycling
sites.<http://www.recycling.org> Accessed 2004 November 1.
[Title
of the web page becomes the first element and no publication/revision date is
included. When citing this in the text of your paper, use an abbreviated title
to direct the reader to this source, for instance: (World wide recycling)]
Part
of a website
Schiro, S. 2002 December 8. Hymenoptera: Formicidae. In Senior seminar 2002.
Introduced species in
June 30.
HGCI Programs Green Campus Loan
Fund. 2002. In Harvard Green Campus
Initiative. <http://www.greencampus.harvard.edu/programs/GCLF.shtml>
Accessed
2003 May 27.
When there is no author, use page
title in place of author:
Electronic
version of Print Journal article retrieved from an online database
Emerson, D. 2004. In composting and
recycling, WSU gets "A" for effort. BioCycle
45(9):22-24. From Academic Search
Premier. <http://search.epnet.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&AuthType=cookie,ip,url,uid&db=aph&an=14437592>
Accessed 2004 November 1.
Electronic
version of Print Journal article retrieved from the online version of the
journal
Petracco, M . Our everyday cup of coffee.
The chemistry behind its magic. Journal of Chemical Education 82:1161-1168.
Available from Journal of Chemical Education Website
<http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/Journal/Issues/2005/Aug/PlusSub/V82N08/p1161.pdf>
Accessed 2005 August 9.
Put a reference in the style for a
print journal, then put the "persistent URL," if one is given
(otherwise URL for journal website) and date when retrieved.
Part
of an electronic journal article, such as figure or table
Bluhm, C.K. and P.A. Gowaty.
2004. Social constraints on female mate preferences in mallards, Anas
platyrhynchos, decrease offspring viability and mother productivity.
Animal Behaviour 68:977-983 . Available from Animal Behaviour Website <http://www.animalbehaviour.org>
Table 1. Fitness components of successful mothers. Accessed 2004 November 19.
Article
from journal ONLY online, not in print
Gilchrist, G. , M. Mallory, and F.
Merkel. 2005. Can local ecological knowledge contribute to wildlife management?
Case studies of migratory birds. Ecology and Society. 10(1): 20.
<http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol10/iss1/> Accessed 2005 August 3.