Memory Codes

Interested in what influences long-term-memory.

Levels of Processing Approach
(Craik & Tulving, 1975)

• Shallow:

2 types:

1. Structural Processing -

2. Phonemic Processing -

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

• Deep:

Semantic Processing -

Results of Craik & Tulving's original experiment:

Applying Levels of Processing Approach:

• Generation Effect -

• Distinctiveness:

• Elaboration:

• Self-reference Effect:

Tulving's Model of Memory

Different types of long-term memory

Episodic:

Semantic:

3^rd component added later by other researchers:

Procedural:

Accuracy of Memory in Eyewitness Testimony:

Elizabeth Loftus:

1) Effect of Leading Questions:

1^st - shown video of a car accident

2^nd asked: "how fast was the car going when it _________ into the other car."

either: smashed, collided, bumped, hit, or contacted

 

Results:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Problem:

 

 

 

Follow-up question:

1 week later: asked if any glass was broken in the accident.

 

Results:

 

 

 

called memory impairment:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2) misinformation effect:

 

 

1^st - shown car accident (stop sign in the scene)

2^nd - reads a narrative about the accident

Narrative A -- mentions a yield sign

Narrative B -- no mention of a sign

3^rd - asked what sign was present in accident, yield or stop sign?

Results:

1)

 

 

 

2)