BIO 7 Lecture 4-5 Preview

 

Organisms are made of matter

 

 

Chemical elements and Atoms

 

 

Atomic Nucleus

 

 

Orbitals (Shells)

 

 

 

 

 

Chemical Bonds form when atoms interact to fill their outermost orbitals with electrons; different kinds of bonds  have different strengths.

Strong bonds maintain structure; weak bonds allow  dynamic interactions.

               

                Covalent

 

 

                Hydrogen

 

 

                 Ionic

 

 

 Ion

 

 

 Molecule

 

 

Compound

 

 

 

 

 

The number of covalent bonds an atom can form depends on how many spaces for electrons it has in its outer most orbital. 

Many important molecules in living things are built around carbon and are called organic molecules.

 

 

 

Inorganic matter (e.g. water and ions ) is also important to living things. 

 

 

 

 

Special Properties of Water

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Special Properties of Ions

 

 

 

 

                Concentrations of Hydrogen Ions (H+)  expressed in pH scale

                                

 

 

 

 

 

 

4 major groups of organic molecules in living things.  They all

                Are built around carbon

                Have small subunits (monomers) that can be joined to form large molecules (polymers)

                Can have large, complex shapes

                Have functions related to their structures

 

 

 

Group of Organic Molecule

Subunit (Monomer)

Subgroups

Examples and Functions

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharide

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

Glucose and Galactose:  store energy

Sucrose and Lactose:  store energy

Glycogen, Starch:  store energy

Cellulose, Chitin:  form tough fibers and covers

Lipids

Fatty Acid

(for some)

Neutral Lipids

Phospholipids

Steroids

Wax and Oil:  waterproof cover, store energy

Cell membrane component:  selective cover

Testosterone, Progesterone:  cell communication

Proteins

Amino Acid

Enzymes

Structural Units

Glycoproteins

Carriers

Antibodies

Contracting fibers

Lactase:  speeds breakdown of lactose

Keratin:  makes up bulk of hair

Cell surface receptors:  detect molecules outside

Hemoglobin:  specifically carries oxygen

Gamma globulin:  inactivates invaders

Actin and myosin:  make muscles move

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotide

ATP

 

RNA              (Ribonucleic Acid)

DNA(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Adenosine Triphosphate:  carries energy for 

immediate use by cells

mRNA for lactase:  carries genetic information         for making lactase (short term)

 

gene for lactase:  carries genetic information for making lactase (long term)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Food Pyramids show recommended diet choices.